California Indian adults could be bought at public auction and Native children could be exploited under the guise of “apprenticeship.” The law fractured families and tribal communities, while furthering land dispossession. One of the first laws passed by the California Legislature in 1850 set up a form of legalized slavery. In addition, state legislators passed laws that stripped California Indians of their power to protect themselves, their land, their culture or their livelihoods. By 1863, the federal government had given the state of California more than US$1 million to reimburse militia expenditures for expeditions to find and kill California Indian people. Not only was frontier violence sanctioned by the state, it was largely funded by the federal government. The California Indian population dropped from 150,000 in 1846, to approximately 30,000 by 1870. In 1849, the non-Native population in California surged from approximately 25,000 to at least 94,000 people in less than a year. Those who came to California did so at the cost of Native ancestral lands, natural and cultural resources, and lives. Individual settlers and gold miners who killed or removed California Indian peoples from their lands often believed they were merely quickening a process that was bound to happen.Īcts of violence against California Indians accelerated throughout the Gold Rush period, and into the 1870s. These misconceptions were used to justify the theft and appropriation of California Indian land. Incoming American settlers claimed land as their own and often viewed Native Americans as primitive peoples destined to vanish. In 1848, gold was discovered in California’s Sierra foothills. This drastically changed the natural landscape, the practices of Indigenous landscape management, and the relationship between California Indians and their environment. Moreover, Spanish colonialism brought new diseases like smallpox and measles, and introduced invasive species of plants and animals. Social control, aggressive interactions and violence against Native women and children characterized Spanish colonization. Spanish colonization had disastrous effects on the environment and dozens of tribes, from San Diego to Sonoma. The Spanish continued to claim land and use Indigenous peoples to build missions along the coast of Alta California into the 1800s. The first Catholic mission in Alta California was established in 1769 in San Diego on land that belonged to the Kumeyaay people. Yet the urge to discover the wealth of Alta California, what is now present day California, drove the Spanish north. The Spanish undertook their colonial project to convert and enslave Indigenous peoples at Catholic missions in Baja California in the late 1600s.
We are unable to guarantee anything other than the talent's authentic signature.A painting of Franciscan friar Junipero Serra from Spain, who built a series of missions in the 18th century. Please note that it is up to the talent to follow through with these requests, and in rare instances the talent may decline to personalize an item as requested. We will make every effort to deliver the items with personalization as requested.
A JSA representative comes to our office twice a week to process those items, and everything ready for shipment gets sent to you within 48 hours of the time its ready. When we get them, we set aside the ones that need authentication. Unless something comes up, it usually takes two to three weeks for the talent to ship the items back to us. We place a variety of Sharpies and Paint Pens in our box, include lots of padding for the items, and ship the box to the talent with a return box and return shipping label inside. We package each photo, poster, and send-in into a protective bag and board and include the Special Instructions, "Autograph To", and Authentication information with every item. The following week, we get the prints ready for the talent to sign. When you place a Personalized Autograph order with Galax圜on, we will collect your order with all of the others until the weekend of the event.